The Simple Joint-Stock Company (Prosta Spółka Akcyjna, PSA) is an innovative legal structure that has revolutionized the Polish capital market. Designed with startups and innovative enterprises in mind, the PSA offers flexibility and simplifications that are crucial in today’s rapidly changing business environment. Importantly, a PSA can be established by even a single shareholder, which…
In a world where access to psychological care often feels like tilting at windmills – long waiting lists, astronomical costs, and a shortage of specialists – a new hope emerges on the horizon: artificial intelligence. As reported by MIT Technology Review, the first trials of generative AI-based therapy yield surprisingly promising results in treating depression….
Deep tech – breakthrough technologies rooted in advanced science and engineering, such as artificial intelligence, biotechnology, quantum computing, and clean energy – promises to reshape the world. Yet, bringing these innovations to life is no small feat. With development cycles stretching 7-15 years, staggering R&D costs, and uncertain market adoption, deep tech defies the fast-return…
(Author: Kacper Warzecha, Legal Counsel. Edited by CT) Intellectual property (IP) plays a pivotal role in protecting innovations and building a competitive edge. In Poland, companies can leverage various forms of IP protection, including patents for inventions, trade secrets, know-how, copyrights, trademarks, and industrial designs. The choice of protection depends on the nature of the…
(Author: Kacper Warzecha, Legal Counsel. Edited by CT) A limited liability company (spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością, sp. z o.o.) is one of the most popular forms of conducting business activity in Poland. Polish Commercial Companies Code precisely defines the roles and responsibilities of two key groups within such a company: shareholders, who are its owners,…
(Author: Kacper Warzecha, Legal Counsel. Edited by CT) Management board members in entities such as limited liability companies (sp. z o.o.), joint-stock companies (spółka akcyjna), and foundations (fundacja) conducting business activity in Poland bear multifaceted responsibility for their actions and omissions. This responsibility extends towards the entity they represent, third parties, and state authorities. In…
On March 17, 2025, Poland marked a significant advancement in quantum communications with the successful demonstration of its first fully domestically engineered quantum connection. Executed live within the defense sector, this achievement lays the foundation for what is projected to become Europe’s largest QKD network. Led by the Military University of Technology (WAT) in partnership…
Natural Language Processing (NLP), a cornerstone of artificial intelligence (AI), is revolutionizing the way humans interact with machines. By enabling seamless, intuitive communication, NLP transcends traditional boundaries, reshaping industries from business and healthcare to emotional support systems. What Is NLP NLP is a specialized domain of AI focused on enabling computers to comprehend, interpret, and…
Startup valuation is an art that combines numbers, intuition, and common sense. In the world of new technologies—where many companies have yet to generate revenue—traditional financial approaches often fail. So how can we accurately assess the value of a young company? Is the founder’s experience a reliable key to success, or perhaps the biggest trap?…
In a world increasingly powered by artificial intelligence (AI), a new trend is taking hold – “vibe coding.” This innovative approach, driven by large language models (LLMs), is redefining how startups build their products. Could this mark the twilight of traditional coding as we know it? What Is vibe coding? Andrej Karpathy, a prominent AI…